CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Pengertian Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).                                                                                                     Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah.

Rumus Conditional Sentence

Rumus Umum

Secara umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

atau tanpa tanda baca koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

Rumus Conditional Sentence Berbagai Tipe

Type	Rumus Conditional Sentence
0	if + simple present, simple present
1	if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
2	if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
3	if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle

Contoh Conditional Sentence

Berikut contoh conditional sentence pada berbagai tipe sesuai dengan rumus di atas.

Type	Contoh Conditional Sentence
0	If we burn paper, it becomes ash. (Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.)
1	If I meet him, I will introduce myself. (Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.)
2	If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.)
3	If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless:

Dengan menggunakan rumus negatif if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.

• If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
• Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask. (Jika para siswa tidak mengerti, mereka akan mengangkat tangan untuk bertanya.)

Sumber:  
  http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18.
  http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm.
  http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/0cond.htm.

SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE

1. Pengertian Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini.

I Am
They
We Are
You
He
She Is
It
Kalimat Nominal Positive (+): Subject + Tobe (am, is are) + Object
Contoh dalam kalimat positive (+):
1. I am a singer. (Saya adalah seorang penyayi)
2. We are teachers. (Kami adalah guru)
3. You are clever. (Kamu pintar)
4. He is twelve years old. (Dia laki-laki berumur 12 tahun)
5. She is very beautiful. (Dia perempuan sangat cantik)
6. It is my new house. (Itu adalah rumah baru saya)

Kalimat Nominal Negative (-): Subject + Tobe (am, is are) +NOT + Object
Contoh dalam kalimat negative(-):
1. I am not a singer. (Saya bukan seorang penyayi)
2. We are not teachers. (Kami bukan guru)
3. You are not clever. (Kamu tidak pintar)
4. He is not twelve years old. (Dia laki-laki tidak berumur 12 tahun)
5. She is not very beautiful. (Dia perempuan tidak sangat cantik)
6. It is not my new house. (Itu bukan rumah baru saya)
  
Kalimat Nominal Interrogativee (?): Tobe (am, is are) + Subject + Object + ?
Contoh dalam kalimat interrogative (?):
1. Am I a singer? (Apakah saya adalah seorang penyayi?)
2. Are we teachers? (Apakah kami adalah guru?)
3. A re you clever? (Apakah kamu pintar?)
4. Is he twelve years old? (Apakah dia laki-laki berumur 12 tahun?)
5. She is very beautiful? (Apakah dia perempuan sangat cantik?)
6. Is it my new house? (Apakah itu adalah rumah baru saya?)
Kalimat Verbal
I
They
We Verb 1
You
He
She Verb 1 + s/es
It

 Kalimat Verbal Positive (+): Subject + Verb1/Verb1+s/es + Object
Contoh dalam kalimat positive (+):
1. She speaks English very well.
(Dia perempuan berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lancar)
 2. We always study chemistry twice a week
(Kami selalu belajar kimia dua kali seminngu)
3. He buys a new red car
(Dia laki-laki membeli sebuah mobil merah baru)
4. I love you so much
(Saya sangat mencintaimu)
5. They watch TV in the living room
(Mereka menonton TV di tuang tamu)

Kalimat Verbal Negative (-): Subject + do/does not +Verb1 + Object
I
They
We Do Not
You
He
She Does Not
It
Contoh dalam kalimat positive (-):
1. She does not speak English very well.
(Dia perempuan berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lancar)
2. We do not study chemistry twice a week
(Kami tidak belajar kimia dua kali seminngu)
3. He does not buy a new red car
(Dia laki-laki tidak tidak membeli sebuah mobil merah baru)
4. I do not love you so much
(Saya tsangat tidak mencintaimu)
5. They do not watch TV in the living room
(Mereka tidak menonton TV di tuang tamu)

Kalimat Verbal Interrogative (?): Do/Does + Subject + Verb1 + Object + ?

Contoh dalam kalimat interrogative (?):
1. Does he speak English very well?
(Apakah dia perempuan berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan lancar?)
2. Do we always study chemistry twice a week?
(Apakah kami selalu belajar kimia dua kali seminngu?)
3. Does he buy a new red car?
(Apakah dia laki-laki membeli sebuah mobil merah baru?)
4. Do I love you so much?
(Apakah saya sangat mencintaimu?)
5. Do they watch TV in the living room?
(Apakah mereka menonton TV di tuang tamu?)

2. Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik.

Rumus Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]
Was yang merupakan singular verb digunakan pada singular subject (seperti: I, she, he, it, Andi, dan the cat) kecuali “you”, sebaliknya were yang merupakan plural verb digunakan pada plural subject (seperti: you, they, we, Andi and Susi, dan the cats). [Baca juga: Subject-Verb Agreement]
Berikut rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif.

Jenis Kalimat	Rumus	Contoh Simple Past Tense
positif (+)	S + Verb-2 (past tense) S + be(was/were)	The teacher came
		I was a stamp collector
negatif (-)	S + did + not + bare infinitive S + be(was/were) + not	The teacher didn’t come
		I wasn’t a stamp collector
interogatif (?)	Did + S + bare infinitive be(was/were) + S	Did the teacher come
		Was I a stamp collector

3. Pengertian Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana

Rumus Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense dibentuk dari modal “will” atau “shall” dan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) atau dibentuk dari phrasal modal “be going to” dan bare infinitive (base form verb).

Jenis Kalimat	Rumus	Contoh Simple Future Tense
positif (+)	S + will + bare infinitive S + be (am/is/are) going to + bare infinitive	You will win
		They are going to come
negatif (-)	S + will + not + bare infinitive S + be (am/is/are) + not + going to + bare infinitive	You won’t win
		They aren’t going to come
interogatif (?)	Will + S + bare infinitive Be (am/is/are) + S + going to + bare infinitive?	Will you win
		Are they going to come

 Sumber    :
     http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-future-tense
     http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-past-tense
     http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-present-tense-lengkap     
     www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-present-tense

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Pengertian kalimat active and passive

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.

Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday

Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.

Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.

Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.

Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.

Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.

Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.

Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.

Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.

Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

Sumber  :
 http://haricahyo26.blogspot.co.id/2013/04/pengertian-dan-contoh-perbedaan-kalimat.html
 http://bassombear.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/contoh-passive-sentences-present-past.html